MySQL Optimization and Scheduled Maintenance

Once in a while it is worth to take care of your database and verify it can provide the needed resources for your system.
After all, most of the data may be store in it...


Some Tasks I would Recommend You to Do
Please notice that this work may not be done manually, but can be automated. If you do so, you may be contribute it back to the community at your favorite open source project:

1. Run MySQLTuner and look for issues.
2. Take care of fragmented tables:
1. You can find them using SHOW TABLE STATUS WHERE Data_free > 0\G and take care of them using OPTIMIZE TABLE table_name; 
2. Or you can use mysqlfragfinder script for that.
3. Verify RAM, disk and CPU utilization
4. Check the slow log query

Keep Performing

Moshe Kaplan

What is the Best File System for MySQL?

Well the answer it depends.
Not sure? take a look at this Q&A at ServerFault

Keep Performing,
Moshe Kaplan

Good News from Amazon AWS for SEO and Newsletter Marketers

Amazon AWS latest announcement of Multiple IP Addresses for Amazon EC2 Instances support is a great news for SEO and Newsletter markers.

Why these are Good News?
Both SEO and Newsletter marketers require large number of dedicated IP addresses:

1. Google tend to associate websites that are using the same IP address. Therefore, if a single site uses unethical SEO methods, you may want to avoid a ranking damage to other sites. Another reason is that linking methods are considered more effective if they come from external sites.
2.  Major email suppliers around the world (Google's Gmail, Yahoo!, Yandex and Microsoft Hotmail) limit the number of emails per minute they accept from a single IP. Multiple IP addresses can help newsletter service providers better utilize their existing instances.

Bottom Line

Online services are getting better every time. It's time to utilize them!

Keep Performing,

Moshe Kaplan

How to Setup MySQL Replication in 11 Easy Steps

I've provided a link few weeks ago to a great complete guide for MySQL replication. Yet, since then I got many requests to provide a short and east guide for a new MySQL replication setup.

Well, Fasten Your Seat-belts

1. Install a MySQL instance that will serve as a Master
2. Install a MySQL instance that will serve as a Slave
3. Configure the Master my.cnf file (located at /etc/ at CentOS) with the server id and the log file name: 
1. [mysqld]
2. server­-id = 1
3. log­-bin   = master­-bin.log
4. Configure the Slave my.cnf with the server id, reply logs and key configuration databases;
1. server­-id = 2 
2. relay­-log-­index = slave-­relay-­bin.index
3. relay­-log = slave­-relay­-bin
4. replicate-wild-ignore-table=mysql.%
5. replicate-wild-ignore-table=information_schema.%
6. replicate-wild-ignore-table=performance_schema.%
5. For MySQL 5.6: Delete the auto.cnf from your MySQL directory slave> rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/auto.cnf
6. Restart the MySQL daemons on both servers to apply the my.cnf changes.
7. If both servers were just installed there is no need to sync their data files (since they  should have the same data files). O/w you should either stop the slave and master and copy the data files using SCP or perform just perform a mysqldump. Notice! Before copying the files, get the Master location describe below.
8. Get the master location, so we can sync the slave to it:
1. master> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
2. master> SHOW MASTER STATUS;
3. +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
4. | File              | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
5. +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
6. | master-bin.000013 |  1233453 |              |                  |
7. +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
9. master> UNLOCK TABLES;
9. Provide the slave with replication permissions:
1. master> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* to `repl`@`%` IDENTIFIED BY 'slavepass';
2. master> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
10. Setup the slave using the chosen user/password and the master location we found before:
1. slave> CHANGE MASTER TO
2.     ->     MASTER_HOST='10.17.16.253',
3.     ->     MASTER_PORT=3306,
4.     ->     MASTER_USER='repl',
5.     ->     MASTER_PASSWORD='slavepass',
6.     ->     MASTER_LOG_FILE='master-bin.000013',
7.     ->     MASTER_LOG_POS=1233453;
11. Now, start the slave and verify it's running: 
1. slave> start slave;show slave status\G
12. If everything is Okay, verify the replication really works by:
1. Creating a table and inserting values to it in the master:
1. master> CREATE DATABASE a;
2. master> CREATE TABLE a.b (c int);
3. master> INSERT INTO a.b (c) VALUES (1);
2. Verifying that SLAVE/MASTER> SELECT * FROM a.b; return the same values in the master and slave;
3. Dropping the database in the master: master> DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS a;

P.S If you are interested in implementing the replication using SSL, follow these instructions.

Bottom Line

Only few minutes and you got a running MySQL replication. Even these kind of tasks can be so simple and smooth...  and leaving you time to drink a cup of coffee!

Keep Performing,

Moshe Kaplan 

Amazon Latest Price Reduction: News for Large Accounts and Linux based Users

Amazon announced today a price reduction on the EC2 instances prices. The price reduction does not include storage or traffic so you may expect that effective cost recduction numbers will be half on your montly bill.


On Demand Pricing Effects
Minor price reduction on the on demand instances: 5% on small instances, 10% on larger instances. Price Reduction Target: Traditional hosting offers.


Reserved Instances Pricing Effects
Major price reduction on the reserved instances: 20% effective reduction. Price Reduction Target: Traditional hosting offers.


Volume discounts
Finally, Amazon offers volume discounts. The volume discounts are focused on large accounts that spent at least $1M annually at AWS services. The volume discount are focused on the the reserved instances (the equivalent of traditional hosting). You can expect 10% reduction (5% off bill's bottom line) for $250K upfront bill ($1M annual AWS bill) and 20% reduction (10% of bill's bottom line) for $2M upfront bill ($8M annual AWS bill). Price Reduction Target: Traditional hosting offers.


Linux or Windows?
The price reduction increases the price differences between Windows based instances and Linux based. Price Reduction Target: Avoid price wars with Microsoft.


Why Amazon Made These Changes?
The price reduction signals that Amazon has a larger price pressure from Linux cloud providers rather than from Microsoft. It also signals that traditional hosting providers offers focus on large customers and larger servers accounts. These price reductions will help Amazon reduce larger customers migration out of its services.

Keep Performing,

Moshe Kaplan

MySQL Replication Complete Guide

This is probably my shortest post

Mats Kindahl MySQL Replication guide is short, concise and includes (almost) everything you need.


Keep Perfomring,
Moshe Kaplan

Do You Need More Disk Space for the MySQL Server at Amazon Web Services (AWS/EC2)?

If you deal with large databases, you will probably need more than the provisioned storage of the default Amazon AMI (8GB).


UPDATE: Since in many cases you may need to swap between the current disk and a new larger one, I've added in green comments regarding this case.

The following 10 steps guide will help you expand your disk meet your business needs:

1. Create a new storage volume at the Amazon console (or using AWS API). Make sure it is big enough to accommodate storage, log files, bin files and future growth. Notice! verify the new drive is in the same availability zone as the target instance.
2. Write down the mount name you chosen. For example: /dev/sdf.
3. Mount the disk to your system according to Chris Dean post:
1. sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdf where /dev/sdf is the mount name you chose.
4. Shutdown the MySQL daemon: sudo /etc/init.d/mysql stop
5. Unmount the current disk umount /dev/sdf
6. Move your current MySQL data directory to a temporary directory: sudo mv /var/lib/mysql  /var/lib/mysql.old or mount the previous disk to mysql.old by creating a new folder and changing the /etc/fstab as described bellow.
7. Recreate the MySQL data directory and provide the needed permissions:
1. sudo mkdir /var/lib/mysql
2. sudo chown mysql:mysql  /var/lib/mysql
8. Mount the new disk to the new directory:
1. Add another line to /etc/fstab (sudo vi /etc/fstab): /dev/sdf /var/lib/mysql ext4 defaults 1 2
2. Mount the disk: sudo mount /var/lib/mysql
3. Verify everything is Okay with df
9. Move the files from the temporary directory back to the new data directory sudo mv /var/lib/mysql.old/* /var/lib/mysql
10. Remove the old directory: sudo rmdir /var/lib/mysql.old and unmount the old disk umount /dev/sdf
11. Restart you MySQL: sudo /etc/init.d/mysql start

Note:
xfs today is the new kid in block w/ better performance w/ SSD disks and already stable.
Use the following commands if you choose it:
sudo apt-get install -y xfsprogs
sudo mkfs.xfs -f /dev/xvdf
vi /etc/fstab
/dev/xvdf /var/lib/mysql/ xfs defaults 0 2

Bottom Line

A combination of cloud knowledge, Linux sysadmin, MySQL expertise and careful work will help you go through the scale and growth challenges.

Keep Performing,

Moshe Kaplan